The use of L1 in L2 performance is not deniable. This study investigates the effects of using TRANSLATION as a means of TESTing L2 language writing. To be specific, it examines the effects of two TEST methods, DIRECT COMPOSITION TEST (DC) AND TRANSLATION COMPOSITION TEST (TCT) on students' writing performance. To conduct the study, 114 language learners studying at different universities of Tehran AND majoring in English TRANSLATION, literature AND teaching were involved. Using a TOEFL TEST they were divided into three- proficiency levels low, intermediate AND high. Then they were asked to perform on two writing TEST methods, DIRECT COMPOSITION AND TRANSLATION COMPOSITION TEST. However, analyzing the finding of the study indicates that the two major factors of composing process AND proficiency level were found to affect the quality of writing texts. TRANSLATIONs were rated significantly higher than DIRECT COMPOSITIONs. All the three proficiency levels benefited according to the new TEST (TRANSLATION COMPOSITION), but this benefit was more significant with the low-proficiency level students. The study also scrutinized 'the effect of these TEST methods on various components of writing skill.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using portulaca oleracea as a source of plant antioxidants for feeding fattening male lambs, on carcass traits, meat quality, AND oxidative stability. Twenty-one male lambs with an average weight of 24±1.5 kg AND 150±15 days old were fed with one of the experimental rations included a diet without portulaca oleracea as control, a diet containing 7.5%, AND a diet containing 15% portulaca oleracea, for 84 days. The muscle (Longissimus dorsi) samplewas used to determine pH, chemical COMPOSITION, colorimetric properties, AND oxidative stability of meat. Meat lipid oxidation was determined after 1, 7, AND 30 days of refrigerated storage using thiobarbituric acid (TBARS). The use of portulaca oleracea in diets improved meat color characteristics such as L, chroma, AND Hue. The highest ash concentration AND the lowest meat moisture were observed in the treatment of 15% portulaca oleracea (P<0.05). Meat pH was the lowest in the first hour after slaughter but did not differ at 24 h. Compared to the control, in both treatment groups feeding the lambs with portulaca significantly reduced the concentration of Malondialdehyde in the meat of the lambs AND increased the meat oxidative stability (P<0.05). The results of this experiment showed that feeding portulaca oleracea by improving properties such as color AND increasing the meat oxidative stability improves meat quality, which may have lead to an increase in its nutritional value in terms of human health.

The term 'transition' is a new label coined by the researcher to better reveals the TRANSLATION processes at work by a majority of Iranian EFL learners involved in TRANSLATION activities. 'Transition' stANDs for 'TRANSLATION-COMPOSITION', an exercise mainly applied by less-proficient translators, where the product - the translated material - is partially based on the source language but largely on the translator's idiosyncratic version of what the story is likely about. One criterion to judge the value of a translated work is to read it without comparison with the original to find out whether it makes sense as far as the target language is concerned. My experience as a teacher of TRANSLATION courses at different universities has shown that a good number of English-Persian translator trainees make up their own stories such that the target passage, if not compared with the source, seems to be totally acceptable.The study reported here involved 62 Iranian EFL university students taking an advanced TRANSLATION course. Their TRANSLATION assignments revealed a good deal of 'transition', AND quantitative as well as qualitative analyses were carried out in an attempt to find out why such 'transitions' were opted for. The paper discusses further results as well as the implications for TRANSLATION pedagogy.  

To date, no experimental investigations utilizing petrographic, XRF, ICP, or TL methodologies have been undertaken for the analysis of Sasanian AND Early Islamic pottery in Western Iran. Consequently, the findings of this study are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into the pottery production processes prevalent during this historical period in Western Iran. To achieve this objective, eight pottery specimens retrieved from the excavations of the Jahangir monument were submitted to the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage AND the Geological Survey for petrographic analysis, while two samples each were designated for XRF, ICP, AND thermoluminescence assessments. The primary research inquiries pertain to elucidating the COMPOSITION AND structure of the pottery, determining the firing intensity in the kiln, AND discerning whether the pottery is of indigenous or imported origin. The outcomes of the experiments indicate the presence of three predominant compounds—quartz, iron oxide, AND calcite—in the majority of samples procured from the Jahangir monument. Nonetheless, certain pottery specimens incorporate mica particles or chert stone in the clay COMPOSITION. With few exceptions, the pottery is ascertained to be domestically manufactured, denoting its local provenance within the region. The texture of the selected pottery samples is characterized as silty, porphyritic, AND inhomogeneously silty. The identification of calcite in the clay of all Jahangir pottery suggests a maximum kiln temperature of 800°C during the firing process. Furthermore, notwithstANDing a limited number of exceptions, the scarcity of soil variations in the majority of pottery specimens implies a shared geographical origin

The QoS-aware web services discovery AND COMPOSITION are considered as two important, open AND hot issues in Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). By definition, web-service discovery is about how to select the best web-service for a role in a workflow among available web-services whereas web-services COMPOSITION works on developing merely optimum coordination among a number of available web-services to provide a new composed web-service intended to satisfy some users requirements for which a single web service is not (good) enough. The criteria, upon which the web service selection, position, AND COMPOSITION processes are based, may or may not cover the Quality of services (QoS) parameters. The latter case would turn the name of the job into QoS-aware web services discovery AND COMPOSITION. In this article, the QoS-WSC TEST data-set is introduced for the QoS-aware web-services discovery AND COMPOSITION with regard to specific potentials AND needs of the web-services world. In this respect, at first, an interface has been designed to define QoS for the roles attended in a service-oriented architecture. Then a solution, which allows comparison among web-services through the calculation of similarity of the request to amounts of the QoS parameters of available web services, is proposed. The similarity is obtained using the internal multiplication of two vectors of weighted numerical parameters representing request parameters AND QoS parameters of available web services. The weights are technically significant coefficients, which can be obtained from the QoS-WSC data-set, which is assembled out of a rule-based integration of two well-known prior data sets in the field of web services.

The present paper seeks to probe into translating poetry as a type of foregrounded language. To achieve the objective, it will first investigate the manner in which poetry is created. Attempts will also be made to deal with the process of foregrounding, describing the methods which translators adopt in translating poetry.Having this in mind, creation of poetry in the SL will be discussed followed by the steps taken by the translators in this connection, hoping to determine the translator's choice of lexical items as proper equivalents for those of the SL text.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions AND actions AND their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design AND intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective AND Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method AND method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of TEST score measurement AND the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size AND statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used AND the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO AND SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory AND the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach AND classical approach TEST score Both item 25 approach had the lowest AND item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, AND the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 AND rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..